Ubuntu is a fork of Debian. Its main goal is to make easy to use Linux desktop. It provides stylish and intuitive user interface called Unity. All of the editions of Ubuntu share common infrastructure and software, making Ubuntu a unique platform that scales from consumer electronics to the desktop, and into the cloud for enterprise computing. It comes installed with a wide range of software. It supports 32 bit and 64 bit architecture.

Ubuntu - Operating System

The openSUSE project creates one of the world's best Linux distributions, working together in an open, transparent and friendly manner as part of the worldwide Free and Open Source Software community. It is aimed towards users and developers working on the desktop or server. It is great for beginners, experienced users and ultra geeks alike, in short, it is perfect for everybody. It comes with more than 1,000 open source applications.

openSUSE - Linux for Open Minds

Debian is a free operating system (OS) for your computer. An operating system is the set of basic programs and utilities that make your computer run.
Debian provides more than a pure OS: it comes with over 29000 packages, precompiled software bundled up in a nice format for easy installation on your machine.

Debian - The Universal Operating System

MINIX 3 is a free, open-source, operating system designed to be highly reliable, flexible, and secure. It is based on a tiny microkernel running in kernel mode with the rest of the operating system running as a collection of isolated, protected, processes in user mode.

Minix - Operating System by Andrew S. Tanenbaum

Distro Astro has features for almost all astronomy use—from observatories, planetariums, and professional researchers, to astrophotographers and amateur enthusiasts. The INDI Library built into Distro Astro provides telescope control for the most common telescopes from Meade, Celestron, Orion, and other major telescope brands. Nightshade is an advanced planetarium software for fish-eye dome projections developed by planetarium provider Digitalis Education. 
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Distro Astro includes tools for astrophotography. Capture software wxAstroCapture was written specifically with astronomy in mind. The distribution has preinstalled IRAF, XGTerm, XImtool, and SAOImage DS9 for reduction and analysis of astronomical data. Distro Astro contains plenty of software useful for astronomy educators. It contains event prediction software such as XEphem, AstroCC Coordinate Converter, Astronomy Lab 2, and command line tools ephem and aa.

Distro Astro has features for almost all astronomy use—from observatories, planetariums, and professional researchers, to astrophotographers and amateur enthusiasts. The INDI Library built into Distro Astro provides telescope control for the most common telescopes from Meade, Celestron, Orion, and other major telescope brands. Nightshade is an advanced planetarium software for fish-eye dome projections developed by planetarium provider Digitalis Education. 

Distro Astro - Linux Distribution for Astronomers

Raspbian is a free operating system based on Debian optimized for the Raspberry Pi hardware. An operating system is the set of basic programs and utilities that make your Raspberry Pi run. However, Raspbian provides more than a pure OS: it comes with over 35,000 packages, pre-compiled software bundled in a nice format for easy installation on your Raspberry Pi. 

Raspbian - Operating System for Raspberry Pi hardware

Tails is a live system that aims to preserve your privacy and anonymity. It helps you to use the Internet anonymously and circumvent censorship almost anywhere you go and on any computer but leaving no trace unless you ask it to explicitly. Tails relies on the Tor anonymity network to protect your privacy online. It encrypt and sign your emails and documents using the de facto standard OpenPGP either from Tails email client, text editor or file browser.

Tails - Live operating system which preserves privacy and anonymity

deepin is a Debian-based distribution that aims to provide an elegant, user-friendly and reliable operating system. It has created its own desktop environment called DDE or Deepin Desktop Environment which is based on the Qt 5 toolkit. Deepin focuses much of its attention on intuitive design. Its home-grown applications, like Deepin Software Centre, DMusic and DPlayer are tailored to the average user. deepin can be a good Windows alternative for office and home use.

deepin - Elegant Linux Distribution based on Debian

Chakra is a free, user-friendly and extremely powerful liveCD distribution based on the KDE Software Compilation. Chakra is by default a GTk free distribution specially made for run Qt based applications and frameworks at full performance. Its goal is to build an operating system that meets most requirements desktop users have today,

Chakra - Desktop OS

Vinux is a remastered version of the Ubuntu Linux Distribution optimised for visually impaired users. It provides a screen-reader, full-screen magnification and support for Braille displays out of the box! It can be run from a Live CD without making any changes to your hard drive. If you like it you can install it to a USB pendrive or to your hard drive either alongside Windows using the Virtual Version, or as a complete replacement for windows.

Vinux - Linux for Visually Impaired Users

Nachos is instructional software for teaching undergraduate, and potentially 
graduate, level operating systems courses. The assignments illustrate and explore all areas of modern operating systems, including threads and concurrency, multiprogramming, system calls, virtual memory, software-loaded TLB's, file systems, 
network protocols, remote procedure call, and distributed systems.

Nachos - Instructional Operating System

PLD is a free, RPM-based Linux distribution, aimed at the more advanced users and administrators, who accept the tradeoffs of using a system, that might require manual tweaking in exchange for much flexibility. PLD kernels are build using modules. You are free to pick which modules to load depending on hardware you want to use. It supports Easy package management, Multiple desktop environments and lot more.

PLD - PLD Linux Distribution

XINU stands for Xinu Is Not Unix -- although it shares concepts and even names with Unix, the internal design differs completely. Xinu is a small, elegant operating system that supports dynamic process creation, dynamic memory allocation, network communication, local and remote file systems, a shell, and device-independent I/O functions. The small size makes Xinu suitable for embedded environments.

Xinu - Xinu Is Not Unix

Tails is a live operating system, that you can start on almost any computer from a DVD, USB stick, or SD card. It aims at preserving your privacy and anonymity, and helps you to use the Internet anonymously and circumvent censorship. 
All connections to the Internet are forced to go through the Tor network. It leaves no trace on the computer you are using unless you ask it explicitly. It uses cryptographic tools to encrypt your files, emails and instant messaging.

Tails - Live Operating System supports Privacy and Anonymity

Manjaro is a user-friendly Linux distribution based on the independently developed Arch operating system. Arch itself is renowned for being an exceptionally fast, powerful, and lightweight distribution that provides access to the very latest cutting edge – and bleeding edge – software. However, Arch is also aimed at more experienced or technically-minded users. Manjaro provides all the benefits of the Arch operating system combined with a focus on user-friendliness and accessibility. 

Manjaro - User-friendly Linux Distribution 

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