Packer is a tool for building identical machine images for multiple platforms from a single source configuration. It is lightweight, runs on every major operating system, and is highly performant, creating machine images for multiple platforms in parallel. 
 
It contains out of box support for: 
<ul>
<li>Amazon EC2 (AMI). Both EBS-backed and instance-store AMIs</li>
<li>Azure</li>
<li>CloudStack</li>
<li>DigitalOcean</li>
<li>Docker</li>
<li>Google Compute Engine</li>
<li>Hyper-V</li>
<li>1&amp;1</li>
<li>OpenStack</li>
<li>Parallels</li>
<li>ProfitBricks</li>
<li>QEMU. Both KVM and Xen images.</li>
<li>Triton (Joyent Public Cloud)</li>
<li>VMware</li>
<li>VirtualBox</li>
</ul>

Packer is a tool for building identical machine images for multiple platforms from a single source configuration. It  is lightweight, runs on every major operating system, and is highly performant, creating machine images for multiple platforms in parallel. 

Packer -  Build Automated Machine Images

Firecracker is an open source virtualization technology that is purpose-built for creating and managing secure, multi-tenant container and function-based services that provide serverless operational models. Firecracker runs workloads in lightweight virtual machines, called microVMs, which combine the security and isolation properties provided by hardware virtualization technology with the speed and flexibility of containers.
 
The main component of Firecracker is a virtual machine monitor (VMM) that uses the Linux Kernel Virtual Machine (KVM) to create and run microVMs. Firecracker has a minimalist design. It excludes unnecessary devices and guest-facing functionality to reduce the memory footprint and attack surface area of each microVM. This improves security, decreases the startup time, and increases hardware utilization.
 
Firecracker was developed at Amazon Web Services to accelerate the speed and efficiency of services like AWS Lambda and AWS Fargate.

Firecracker is an open source virtualization technology that is purpose-built for creating and managing secure, multi-tenant container and function-based services that provide serverless operational models. Firecracker runs workloads in lightweight virtual machines, called microVMs, which combine the security and isolation properties provided by hardware virtualization technology with the speed and flexibility of containers.

Firecracker - Secure and fast microVMs for serverless computing

GNU Classpath provides core class libraries for use with virtual machines and compilers for the java programming language. GNU Classpath 1.0 will be fully compatible with the 1.1 and 1.2 API specifications, in addition to having significant compatibility with the 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6 APIs. 

 It is the mother of most of the JVMs. Check out the <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/stories.html#jvm" target="_blank">list</A> of other Virtual Machine products using GNU Classpath as its base. Intel and IBM are using GNU Classpath in their research

GNU Classpath provides core class libraries for use with virtual machines and compilers for the java programming language. GNU Classpath 1.0 will be fully compatible with the 1.1 and 1.2 API specifications, in addition to having significant compatibility with the 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6 APIs.

GNU Classpath - Mother of most of the VM

Open JDK is the open source implementation of Java platform. It has loads of sub projects like JDK6, JDK7, HotSpot, Graphics, Swing, Web etc. 
 
 <A HREF="http://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk6/" target="_blank">JDK 6</A> and <A HREF="http://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk7/" target="_blank">JDK 7</A> projects are based on the specification of Java SE. OpenJDK 6 sources have passed the Java SE 6 Test Compatibility Kit (TCK) suite. <A HREF="http://icedtea.classpath.org/wiki/Main_Page" target="_blank">IcedTea</A> builds the source from Open JDK and adds 64 bit plugin and Java web start etc. 
 
 Open JDK is actively developed and it is compatible with Java specification.

Open JDK is the open source implementation of Java platform. It has loads of sub projects like JDK6, JDK7, HotSpot, Graphics, Swing, Web etc.

Open JDK - Open Source implementation of Java

Java Standard Edition provides Java development kit and Runtime to develop and deploy Java programs. Developed by Sun and take over by Oracle. It has support for different environments like Desktop, Embedded, Web, Realtime etc. 

 Scripting languages framework extends support for Ruby, Python, and other languages. Full JDBC4 implementation providing improved XML support for Databases. It has built-in support for JNI, Reflection, JAAS, JMX and lot more. There could be any other VM but no one could match its features.

Java Standard Edition provides Java development kit and Runtime to develop and deploy Java programs. Developed by Sun and take over by Oracle. It has support for different environments like Desktop, Embedded, Web, Realtime etc.

Java SE - Creator of Java

GraalVM is a universal virtual machine for running applications written in JavaScript, Python 3, Ruby, R, JVM-based languages like Java, Scala, Kotlin, and LLVM-based languages such as C and C++. GraalVM removes the isolation between programming languages and enables interoperability in a shared runtime. It can run either standalone or in the context of OpenJDK, Node.js, Oracle Database, or MySQL. 


Graal - High-Performance Polyglot VM 

KVM (for Kernel-based Virtual Machine) is a full virtualization solution for Linux on x86 hardware containing virtualization extensions (Intel VT or AMD-V). It consists of a loadable kernel module, kvm.ko, that provides the core virtualization infrastructure and a processor specific module, kvm-intel.ko or kvm-amd.ko.  Using KVM, one can run multiple virtual machines running unmodified Linux or Windows images. Each virtual machine has private virtualized hardware: a network card, disk, graphics adapter, etc. 

kernel virtual machine

Apache Harmony is a modular Java runtime with class libraries and associated tools. One of the goals of the Harmony project is to create a design modular enough so that parts of the VM can be implemented in different languages. This project started in 2005 and it is under active development. 

 It adheres to the Java specification. It uses GNU classpath and JCVM a java byte code to C files converter. It has DRLVM, a virtual machine written in C++. It supports JIT compilation, JNI, Garbage Collector and Profile Collector etc.

Apache Harmony is a modular Java runtime with class libraries and associated tools. One of the goals of the Harmony project is to create a design modular enough so that parts of the VM can be implemented in different languages. This project started in 2005 and it is under active development.

Harmony - Open Source Java SE

The PHP/Java Bridge is an implementation of a streaming, XML-based network protocol, which can be used to connect a native script engine, for example PHP, Scheme or Python, with a Java virtual machine. It is faster and more reliable than direct communication via the Java Native Interface, and it requires no additional components to invoke Java procedures from PHP or PHP procedures from Java. PHP Java bridge hepls to use Java objects in PHP scripts and it also invokes PHP script from Java object. A typical use would be having PHP front end with Java back end, which will use all services such as JMS, EJB, SOA etc.

The PHP/Java Bridge is an implementation of a streaming, XML-based network protocol, which can be used to connect a native script engine, for example PHP, Scheme or Python, with a Java virtual machine. It is faster and more reliable than direct communication via the Java Native Interface, and it requires no additional components to invoke Java procedures from PHP or PHP procedures from Java.

PHP Java Bridge

Quercus is Caucho Technology's 100% Java implementation of PHP 5. Quercus comes with many PHP modules and extensions like PDF, PDO, MySQL, and JSON. Quercus allows for tight integration of Java services with PHP scripts, so using PHP with JMS or Grails is a quick and painless endeavor. With Quercus, PHP applications automatically take advantage of Java application server features just as connection pooling and clustered sessions. Quercus implements PHP 5 and a growing list of PHP extensions including APC, iconv, GD, gettext, JSON, MySQL, Oracle, PDF, and Postgres.PHP code is interpreted/compiled into Java and Quercus and its libraries are written entirely in Java. This helps PHP application to use JMS, EJB, Hibernate, Spring and other frameworks and applications of Java.

Quercus is Caucho Technology's 100% Java implementation of PHP 5. Quercus comes with many PHP modules and extensions like PDF, PDO, MySQL, and JSON. Quercus allows for tight integration of Java services with PHP scripts, so using PHP with JMS or Grails is a quick and painless endeavor. With Quercus, PHP applications automatically take advantage of Java application server features just as connection pooling and clustered sessions.

Quercus - Java implementation of PHP

Kaffe is a clean room implementation of the Java virtual machine, plus the associated class libraries needed to provide a Java runtime environment. It has support for Garbage Collector, Debugging, Profiler, Benchmarking etc. It has been ported to multiple platforms. Among the open source VM, Kaffe is actively developed.

  Kaffe is not an officially licensed version of the Java virtual machine. It contains no Sun source code and was developed without even looking at the Sun source code. Kaffe is a great choice as a base for virtual machine education and research.

Kaffe is a clean room implementation of the Java virtual machine, plus the associated class libraries needed to provide a Java runtime environment. 

Kaffe - Not Java

Archipel is a solution to manage and supervise virtual machines. No matter if you have a few locally on your computer or thousands through data centers, Archipel is a central solution to manage them all. You can perform all basic virtualization commands and many other things like live migration, VMCasts, packages, etc. Use it with KVM, Xen, OpenVZ, VirtualBox, and mix them all if you want to. 

Archipel - Virtual Machine Orchestration

JC Virtual machine converts Java class files to C source code. It uses <A HREF="http://www.sable.mcgill.ca/soot/" target="_blank">SOOT</A> Java Bytecode analysis framework to convert the Java files to C. It could also compiles with GCC and loads them with built-in ELF loader. Additional to that, JC provides a complete Java runtime with optimization to increase performance. 

 JC optimizes the code at code generation time which increases its runtime performance. It does have good interpreter but most of the jobs are done at the code generation time. When combined with the proven power of GCC's C optimizer the results are impressive. 

 Additional to C conversion and Java runtime, It has thread support based on the POSIX pthread(3). Support for JNI, Reflection and Java 2 style loader support is also available. It uses <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/" target="_blank">GNU Classpath</A> to provide java runtime.

JC Virtual machine converts Java class files to C source code. It could also compiles with GCC and loads them with built-in ELF loader. Additional to that, JC provides a complete Java runtime with optimization to increase performance.


JC Virtual Machine - Converts Java to C

cacaovm is a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) which uses Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation to execute Java methods natively. cacaovm uses GNU Classpath or OpenJDK or phoneME as Java runtime library. The cacaovm project started as a research JVM to explore new implementation techniques. The first version for the Alpha was released in February 1997 as a binary. 

 CACAO supports i386, x86_64, Alpha, ARM, MIPS 32/64, PowerPC 32/64, S390 architectures. CACAO is almost fully compliant with the Java Virtual Machine Specification. It has a complete byte code verifier that uses subtype constraints to guarantee type-safety without unnecessary loading. A tailored CACAO can be built by enabling or disabling couple of features to reduce executable size.

cacaovm is a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) which uses Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation to execute Java methods natively. cacaovm uses GNU Classpath or OpenJDK or phoneME as Java runtime library. The cacaovm project started as a research JVM to explore new implementation techniques. The first version for the Alpha was released in February 1997 as a binary.

Cacaovm - Just-In-Time (JIT) Compiler

Rubinius is an environment for the Ruby programming language providing performance, accessibility, and improved programmer productivity. Rubinius includes a bytecode virtual machine, Ruby syntax parser, bytecode compiler, generational garbage collector, just-in-time (JIT) native machine code compiler, and Ruby Core and Standard libraries.

Rubinius - Ruby Virutal Machine

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Packer - Build Automated Machine Images